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Least-squares finite element methods for the Poisson equation and
their connection to the Dirichlet and Kelvin principles
Max Gunzburger
Francis Eppes Professor
Mathematics and School of Computational Science
Florida State University
Abstract
Least-squares finite element methods for first-order formulations of
the Poisson equation are not subject to the inf-sup condition and
lead to stable solutions even when all variables are approximated by
equal-order continuous finite element spaces. For such elements, one
can also prove optimal convergence in the ``energy'' norm for all
variables and optimal L^2 convergence for the scalar variable.
However, showing optimal L^2 convergence for the flux has proven to
be impossible without adding the redundant curl equation to the first-
order system of partial differential equations. In fact, numerical
evidence strongly suggests that nodal continuous flux approximations
do not posses optimal L^2 accuracy. In this talk, we show that
optimal L^2 error rates for the flux can be achieved without the curl
constraint, provided that one uses the div-conforming family of
Brezzi-Douglas-Marini or Brezzi-Douglas-Duran-Fortin elements. Then,
we proceed to reveal an interesting connection between a least-
squares finite element method involving div-conforming flux
approximations and mixed finite element methods based on the
classical Dirichlet and Kelvin principles. We show that such least-
squares finite element methods can be obtained by approximating,
through an L^2 projection, the Hodge operator that connects the
Kelvin and Dirichlet principles. Our principal conclusion is that
when implemented in this way, a least-squares finite element method
combines the best computational properties of mixed-Galerkin finite
element methods based on each of the classical principles.
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